Quantitative assessment of the impact of cross-contamination during the washing step of ready-to-eat leafy greens on the risk of illness caused by Salmonella

•Salmonella transfer by cross-contamination during washing of vegetables was modeled.•The QMRA covered the complete production chain (from field to consumption).•Most predicted illness arises from cross-contamination when chlorine is < 5 mg/L.•More illnesses from cross-contamination arise when initial prevalence is lower.•Chlorine concentration should be kept above 10 mg/L to minimize the risk of illness.

The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the risk of illness caused by Salmonella in ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy greens, based on common practices in Brazilian processing plants. The risk assessment model considered five modules: in field, washing step, retail storage, home storage and dose-response. Fifty thousand iterations of a @Risk model built in Excel were run for each of sixty scenarios. These scenarios considered different initial pathogen concentrations, fractions of contaminated produce and chlorine concentrations. For chlorine, seven pre-set concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 150 and 250 mg/L) and three triangular distributions were considered [RiskTriang(0,5,10 mg/L), RiskTriang(0,80,250 mg/L) and RiskTriang(10,120,250 mg/L)]. The outputs were risk of infection, estimated number of illnesses and estimated percent of illnesses arising from cross-contamination. The QMRA model indicated quantitatively that higher chlorine concentrations resulted in lower risk of illness. When simulation was done with < 5 mg/L of chlorine, most (> 96%) of the illnesses arose from cross-contamination, but when a triangular distribution with 10, 120 and 250 mg/L of chlorine was simulated, no illnesses arising from cross-contamination were predicted. Proper control of the sanitizer in the washing step is essential to reduce initial contamination and avoid cross-contamination.

Graphical abstractDownload high-res image (203KB)Download full-size image