Estimation of Dietary Sources and Flavonoid Intake in a Spanish Adult Population (EPIC-Spain)

BackgroundEpidemiologic studies have suggested associations between flavonoid intake and health benefits. Traditional Mediterranean diets consist of a high consumption of plant products rich in flavonoids.ObjectiveThis study estimates dietary flavonoid intake and main food sources in a Mediterranean population (Spanish adults).DesignThe study included 40,683 subjects aged 35 to 64 years from northern and southern regions of Spain who were included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study Spanish cohort. Usual food intake was assessed by personal interviews using a computerized version of a validated diet history method. Expanded US Department of Agriculture databases for the flavonoid, isoflavone, and proanthocyanidin content were used.ResultsThe median and mean of total flavonoids were 269.17 and 313.26 mg/day, respectively. The most abundant flavonoid subgroup was proanthocyanidins (60.1%), followed by flavanones (16.9%), flavan-3-ols (10.3%), flavonols (5.9%), anthocyanidins (5.8%), flavones (1.1%), and isoflavones (<0.01%). The main sources of total flavonoid intake were apples (23%), red wine (21%), unspecified fruit (12.8%), and oranges (9.3%).ConclusionsThese results should be very useful for evaluating the relationships between flavonoid intake and several diseases.