Diffusion of forest biorefineries in Scandinavia and North America

► Barriers to and drivers for biorefinery diffusion are very similar in the studied areas. ► Diffusion factors in the macro-scale business environment are well recognised. ► Industry- or sector-specific strategic diffusion factors are more difficult to foresee. ► Each studied country strongly believes in its own success in the biorefinery business. ► More realistic identification of national strengths would be crucial.