Differential foraging strategies: motivation, perception and implementation in urban free-ranging dogs, Canis familiaris

► Alternative foraging strategies in urban free-ranging dogs were investigated. ► Typically, males extracted food by 'gap widening' and females by 'rip opening'. ► Gap widening was associated with faster food extraction and lower risk aversion. ► Female behaviour during pregnancy/lactation was more similar to males. ► Foraging performance was inversely related to threat responses.