Biocultural diversity of Yakushima Island: Mountains, beaches, and sea

Yakushima Island, which has been designated a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, has rich biodiversity and a culture that depends on the local ecosystem. The biodiversity of this island is characterized by a unique biota because the island is located at a biogeographic boundary.The inhabitants revere nature and use natural resources from the sea, lowlands, and mountains. They have inherited a bioculture that they use throughout their lives and have close relationships with deer (Cervus nippon), sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and spotted mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius).The number of tourists visiting Yakushima Island increased after it was inscribed on the World Heritage List. However, most visitors do not visit the villages in the lowland areas and are not interested in the traditional biocultural diversity on the island. The residents are faced with decreasing agricultural and fishery production and the economic effects of sightseeing are limited. To conserve biocultural diversity on Yakushima and to enhance sustainability, it is necessary to create a plan for the entire island. We hope that the biocultural diversity of this island will be passed on to future generations with pride, utilizing the concept of a Biosphere Reserve.