Sex, race and age differences in muscle strength and limitations in community dwelling older adults: Data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS)

• Higher muscle strength in older adults is associated with lower prevalence of physical and functional limitation.
• Sex and ethnicity are important factors to consider for risk stratification and the development of effective grip strength training interventions for older adults at risk for ADL/IADL limitations.
• The presence of chronic health conditions and lifestyle factors play an important role in functional health outcomes in minority elders.

BackgroundAging-related muscle weakness is associated with increased risk of functional limitations and disability. This study examined the association between varying degrees of hand grip strength on functional ability in community-dwelling older adults.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of 4289 men and 5860 women ≥60 from 2006 and 2008 waves of the population-based Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were stratified by sex-specific grip strength tertiles (low, mid, high). Prevalence and adjusted odds of physical limitations (PL), and ADL/IADL limitation were calculated by sex, race/ethnicity and age group (60–69, 70–79, 80+). Models were weighted, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, BMI, comorbidities and participation in physical activity.ResultsPrevalence of PL, ADL and IADL limitations were significantly lower among adults in the highest grip category as compared to those in the lowest grip category. Adjusted odds for PL OR 0.41[0.33,0.52]; ADL OR.51 [0.39,0.67], and IADL OR 0.47 [0.38–0.59] limitations were significantly lower among adults in the highest grip compared to the lowest grip category. However, notable differences were observed in the strength of these associations by gender, race and age group.ConclusionDemographic characteristics are important factors to consider for risk stratification and the development of effective grip strength training interventions for older adults.