Nrf2 antioxidant defense is involved in survival signaling elicited by 27-hydroxycholesterol in human promonocytic cells

Cholesterol oxidation products such as oxysterols are considered critical factors in the atherosclerotic plaque formation since they induce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) is one of the most represented oxysterols in atherosclerotic lesions. We recently showed that relatively low concentrations of 27-OH generated a strong survival signaling through an early and transient increase of cellular ROS level, that enhanced MEK-ERK/PI3K-Akt phosphorylation, in turn responsible of a sustained quenching of ROS production. It remains to identify the link between ERK/Akt up-regulation and the consequent quenching effect on ROS intracellular level that efficiently and markedly delay the pro-apoptotic effect of the oxysterol. Here we report on the potent activation of Nrf2 redox-sensitive transcription factor by low micromolar amount of 27-OH added to U937 promonocytic cells. The 27-OH-exerted induction of Nrf2 and subsequently of the target genes, HO-1 and NQO-1, was proved to be: (i) dependent upon the activation of ERK and Akt pathways, (ii) directly responsible for the quenching of intracellular oxidative stress and by this way (iii) ultimately responsible for the observed oxysterol-induced pro-survival response.