Application of DNA array technology to mammalian embryos

Early embryogenesis depends on a tightly choreographed succession of gene expression patterns which define normal development. Fertilization and the first zygotic cleavage involve major changes to paternal and maternal chromatin and translation of maternal RNAs which have been sequestered in the oocyte during oogenesis. At a critical species-specific point known as the major onset of embryonic expression, there is a dramatic increase in expression from the new diploid genome. The advent of array technology has, for the first time, made possible to determine the transcriptional profile of all ∼20,000 mammalian genes during embryogenesis, although the small amount of mRNA in a single embryo necessitates either pooling large numbers of embryos or a global amplification procedure to give sufficient labeled RNA for analysis. Following array hybridization, various bioinformatic tools must be employed to determine the expression level for each gene, often based on multiple oligonucleotide probes and complex background estimation protocols. The grouped analysis of clusters of genes which represent specific biological pathways provides the key to understanding embryonic development, embryonic stem cell proliferation and the reprogramming of gene expression after somatic cloning. Arrays are being developed to address specific biological questions related to embryonic development including DNA methylation and microRNA expression. Array technology in its various facets is an important diagnostic tool for the early detection of developmental aberrations; for improving the safety of assisted reproduction technologies for man; and for improving the efficiency of producing cloned and/or transgenic farm animals. This review discusses current approaches and limitations of DNA microarray technology with emphasis on bovine embryos.