Canine rabies vaccination and domestic dog population characteristics in the developing world: A systematic review

BackgroundHuman rabies remains a significant problem in many developing countries, where canine rabies is the most common means of transmission. Although vaccination of dogs has been shown to be the most effective method of prevention in humans, dog vaccination is often lacking.MethodsThis systematic review examined dog rabies vaccination coverage achieved following mass vaccination campaigns and dog ecology/management factors relevant to rabies control in the developing world. We searched a variety of electronic databases for published articles pertaining to dog rabies vaccination or dog ecology where data were collected utilizing a household cluster survey. We reviewed studies published between January 1, 1980 and present and identified 29 articles for inclusion.ResultsWe found the majority of vaccination campaigns were able to achieve the WHO recommended vaccination coverage of ≥70% and calculated weighted mean post-campaign vaccination coverage of 76.5% in urban areas and 73.7% in rural areas. However, we found an absence of studies related to dog vaccination/dog ecology from countries with the greatest burden of rabies such as India, China, and Pakistan. In addition, the majority of dogs in the developing world are very young and short-lived, reducing the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns.ConclusionsFuture studies on canine ecology should be undertaken in countries with high endemic canine rabies. New methods for improving the longevity of dogs and reducing high dog population turnover need to be investigated. Programs which encourage good dog management and promote responsible pet ownership are essential to eliminating canine and human rabies.

► We selected 29 relevant studies representing 18 countries in the developing world.
► Ten out of 13 studies achieved vaccination coverage of ≥70% following mass vaccination campaigns.
► Absence of dog vaccination/dog ecology studies from countries with the greatest burden of rabies.
► Dogs live shorter lives in the developing world, requiring more frequent vaccination campaigns.
► Dog population control should be accompanied by general medical care such as vaccinations.