Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity sensitivity of six fish cell lines to four heavy metals in vitro

To establish the potential use of cell cultures as a simple and sensitive biological tool to detect environmental pollutants, six cell lines established from several fish species including GCF (grass carp fins), CIK (Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney), EPC (epithelioma papulosum cyprini), CCO (channel catfish ovary), BB (brown bullhead caudal trunk) and FHM (fathead minnow muscle) were tested and compared for their cytotoxic sensitivity to four heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Following a 24-h exposure to these metal salts at selected concentrations, test cells were characterized by morphology, viability and proliferation. Our results indicate that all these metal salts are cytotoxic to these fish cell lines, but at varied levels. Calculated inhibitory concentration (IC50) values revealed that the cytotoxicity of Cr and Cd was significantly more pronounced than that of the other two metal salts. Comparative analysis of these fish cell lines showed that C. idellus kidney (CIK) cells are the most sensitive cell line to copper, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells are more sensitive than other cells to Cr and Zn, while channel catfish ovary (CCO) cell line is the most sensitive one to Cd. In conclusion, CIK, EPC and CCO could potentially be sensitive bio-indicators for the initial monitoring and assessment of acute cytotoxicity of heavy metals in the aquatic environment.