Evolution of antennules of cytheroidean ostracods (Crustacea)

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• This study focused on the evolution of cytheroidean ostracod (Crustacea) antennule.
• The results suggested antennules with whip-like setae are plesiomorphic state.
• W/L ratio and claw-like/whip-like setae have morphological plasticity.
• These feature sevolved as ethological adaptation rather than phylogenetic constraints.
• Diversification in the antennules morphology has occurred during the early Mesozoic.

Phylogenetic analysis and fossil records indicate that antennules with whip-like setae are the most plesiomorphic state in cytheroidean ostracods and that antennulae with claw-like setae are derived from antennulae with whip-like setae. Character distributions on the 18S rDNA molecular phylogenetic tree suggest that two phenotypic features of cytheroidean antennules (W/L ratio and claw-like/whip-like setae) have morphological plasticity. These features have evolved as an ethological adaptation rather than due to phylogenetic constraints such as the evolution of shell outline in cytheroideans. However, the species of the Leptocytheridae–Trachyleberididae clade generally have stout, robust antennules, indicating a phylogenetic constraint. The character state of setae (claw/whip) in cytheroidean ostracods is reflected more through their ethology than the W/L ratio of the antennules. On the basis of the present analysis and the fossil record, diversification in the morphology of the antennules seems to have occurred during the early Mesozoic.

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