Activation of Innate Immunity Modulates Insulin Sensitivity, Glucose Effectiveness and Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Both African Ancestry and European Ancestry Healthy Humans

ObjectiveInsulin resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and is associated with inflammatory cardiometabolic disease. Given differences between African ancestry (AA) and European ancestry (EA) in the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes as well as in response to inflammatory stress, we investigated potential race differences in glucose homeostasis responses during experimental endotoxemia in humans.MethodsHealthy volunteers (age 18–45 years, BMI 18–30 kg/m2, 47% female, African-ancestry (AA, n = 42) and European-ancestry (EA, n = 106)) were recruited as part of the Genetics of Evoked Responses to Niacin and Endotoxemia (GENE) Study. Subjects underwent an inpatient endotoxin challenge (1 ng/kg LPS) and two frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTT). Insulin and glucose values obtained during FSIGTT pre- and 24-hours post-LPS were analyzed using the minimal model.ResultsFSIGTT derived insulin sensitivity index (SI), disposition index (DI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) decreased significantly following LPS (p < 0.0001) while the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) increased (p < 0.0001). Although expected race differences were observed in glucose homeostasis parameters at baseline prior to LPS e.g., lower SI (2.5 vs. 4.1 μU/L/min, p < 0.0001) but higher AIRg (median 848 vs. 290 μU/L/min, p < 0.0001) in AA vs. EA, the changes in glucose homeostasis responses to LPS were directionally and proportionally consistent across race e.g., SI median − 35% in EA and − 29% in AA and AIRg median + 17% in EA and + 26% in AA.ConclusionBoth EA and AA samples modulated glucose and insulin homeostasis similarly during endotoxemia.ImplicationsRace differences in response to environmental inflammatory stress are unlikely to be a substantial contributor to the observed difference in diabetes incidence and complications between EA and AA.