Co-stimulatory modulation in rheumatoid arthritis: The role of (CTLA4-Ig) abatacept

Associations between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and polymorphism in multiple immunoregulatory genes suggest a role of altered T cell function in the disease.The growing relevance of the oxidative stress in RA synovitis, which results in a number of T cell signalling abnormalities, is reinforced by the demonstration of a direct NO inducing activity through the shared epitope of the HLA class II molecules HLA-DRβ1, with secondary lymphocytes oxidative damage.Direct T cell/macrophage contact-dependent activation, one of the driving mechanisms of synovitis, is mediated by co-stimulatory molecules as well as cell membrane cytokines and may also result in an impaired suppressive function of T regulatory cells (Treg) in RA joints.The fusion of CTLA4 extracellular binding domain to the Fcγ1 allows to obtain a soluble CTLA4 receptor, the dimeric recombinant human fusion protein abatacept (CTLA4-Ig).The improved knowledge of the CTLA4-B7 co-stimulation regulatory mechanisms by signals delivered into DCs and Tregs provides multiple potential targets for the abatacept treatment. CTLA4-Ig shows the capacity, either ex vivo or in vivo, to interrupt at multiple steps the ongoing inflammatory and destructive process, and to concur in restoring the immunoregulatory balance in RA.