Chirurgie pulmonaire chez le malade d'hématologie : pourquoi ? Pour qui ?

Respiratory complications are frequent in haematological patients. Lung surgery, either for diagnosis or treatment, is considered useful but hazardous in these patients. We performed a reappraisal study of this purpose; retrospective study in a university centre, located in the Paris area, France. We analysed the entire records of all the haematological patients admitted in the Thoracic Surgery department from October 2001 to January 2009, among 400 haematological patients with pulmonary complications admitted to the Respiratory Diseases department. Seventeen patients (male: n = 13, mean age 47 ± 15 years) underwent lung surgery. Underlying haematological disease was acute (n = 7) or chronic (n = 5) leukaemia, lymphoma (n = 4), and eight have had stem cell transplantation. Thirteen patients had been exposed to a cytotoxic chemotherapy with known pulmonary toxicity. Respiratory diseases have been evolving for 112 days (10-663 days), and 14 patients received previously antibiotic and/or antifungal therapy. One patient was neutropenic and three had thrombopenia. Five patients underwent curative surgery for a residual pulmonary nodule after medical treatment of invasive aspergillosis, and 12 had a diagnostic procedure (open lung biopsy by video-assisted thoracoscopy [n = 2]; thoracotomy [n = 8]). Surgery permitted a final diagnosis in all 12 cases: non-specific infiltrative pneumonia (n = 4), pulmonary graft versus host disease (n = 3), granulomatous pneumocystosis (n = 1), invasive aspergillosis (n = 1), bronchial carcinoma (n = 1), EBV-related lymphoproliferation (n = 1), and tuberculosis (n = 1). Therapeutic regimens were modified according to the surgical results in ten cases (84%). All patients were extubated at the end of surgery. Post-operative complications were: prolonged air leaks (n = 3), pneumonia (n = 1), parenchymal hematoma (n = 1), acute coronary syndrome (n = 1). Seven patients were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit, and five had non-invasive ventilation. Three patients died from respiratory failure: NSIP (n = 2), pneumocystosis (n = 1). Lung surgery for selected haematological patients has two indications: (1) curative surgery, for a residual pulmonary nodule after medical treatment of invasive aspergillosis; (2) diagnostic procedure, leading frequently to modifications of therapeutic regimens, with low rate of complications, in highly selected patients.