Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease in participants of the 2009 World Kidney Day screening exercise in Southwest Nigeria

SummaryBackground/PurposeEarly detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its risk factors such as hypertension (HT), diabetes (DM) and proteinuria will allow prompt medical intervention, which may impact positively on kidney outcome. We took advantage of the World Kidney Day, which is intended to raise awareness and increase the detection of CKD, to screen participants for HT, DM and CKD using dipstick-positive proteinuria as a marker of CKD.MethodsA total of 586 participants were screened for HT, DM and dipstick-positive proteinuria during the 2009 World Kidney Day at Osogbo in southwest Nigeria.ResultsThe overall prevalence of proteinuria, HT and DM in the unselected population was 2.5%, 25.9%, and 3.8%, respectively. Of participants with HT, there were more females (32.3% vs. 21.9%, p = 0.005), a higher prevalence of family history of HT (p < 0.001), older age (p < 0.001), higher mean weight (p < 0.001), higher mean body mass index (p < 0.001) and higher mean random blood sugar (p = 0.018) when compared to those without HT. However, among the 461 apparently healthy participants (asymptomatic and without history of HT, DM or CKD), the prevalence of significant dipstick-positive proteinuria, HT and DM was 2.8%, 11.1% and 2.0%, respectively. In the asymptomatic cohort, age (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.14; p < 0.001) and sex (odds ratio, 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–5.95; p = 0.016) were significant risk factors associated with the presence of HT on multivariate analysis. Of participants with DM, there were more females (p = 0.032), older age (p = 0.019), higher mean body mass index (p = 0.008), higher mean systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and higher mean diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.011) when compared to those without DM.ConclusionDipstick-positive proteinuria, HT and DM were common in our unselected and asymptomatic population. Public education and opportunistic screening for these risk factors of CKD will improve patient- and physician-level awareness, which in turn will ensure early detection of kidney disease.背景早期偵測慢性腎病 (CKD) 及其危險因子如高血壓 (HT)、糖尿病 (DM)、及蛋白尿，有助於治療的及早施行，可望對患者的預後產生正面的影響。我們為響應世界腎臟日對 CKD 認知與偵測的提倡，在相關活動當天對參加者進行了 HT、DM、及 CKD (蛋白尿試紙檢測) 的篩檢行動。方法該活動於尼日利亞奧索各博 (Oshogbo、Nigeria) 的 2009 年世界腎臟日進行，共有 586 位參加者接受了 HT、DM、及試紙蛋白尿的篩檢。結果整體上，蛋白尿、HT、及 DM 的盛行率分別為 2.5%、25.9%、及 3.8%。相比於非患者，HT 患者的特徵包括：女性比例較高 (32.3% vs. 21.9%、p = 0.005)、HT 家族史比例較高 (p < 0.001)、較高齡 (p < 0.001)、體重較高 (p < 0.001)、身體質量指數較高 (p < 0.001)、及隨機血糖較高 (p = 0.018)。然而，在健康無異常 (無症狀、無 HT、DM、或 CKD 病史) 的參加者 (n = 461) 間，試紙蛋白尿陽性、HT、及 DM 的盛行率分別為 2.8%、11.1%、及 2.0%。多變數分析顯示，年齡 (OR、1.1；95% CI、1.06–1.14；p < 0.001) 及性別 (OR、2.68；95% CI、1.2–5.95；p = 0.016) 是 HT 的重大危險因子。相比於非患者，DM 患者的特徵則包括：女性比例較高 (p = 0.032)、較高齡 (p = 0.019)、身體質量指數較高 (p = 0.008)、收縮血壓較高 (p < 0.001)、及舒張血壓較高 (p = 0.011)。結論即使在未經挑選且無症狀的人群中，試紙蛋白尿陽性、HT、及 DM 仍然頗為盛行。透過有效的衛生教育與篩檢措施，可望提升社會對 CKD 的認知，並對患者作出及早的診治。