Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review

Hybrid CWs (e.g., the subsequent combination of VSSF, HSSF and FWS CWs) are beneficial from the point of view of both water purification and minimization of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Likewise, intermittent loading in VSSF CWs and macrophyte harvesting in HSSF and FWS CWs can mitigate GHG emissions.