The first record of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabiditiae: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in natural ecosystems in Lebanon: A biogeographic approach in the Mediterranean region

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in Lebanon was conducted for the first time during 2008–2009. Samples were collected on the coastal strip and in nine vegetation types extending from the coastal line to 3088 m above sea level. Wooded and herbaceous ecosystems were considered for sampling purposes. A total of 570 samples were taken, out of which 1% were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. Approximately, 15.8% out of the 19 sites sampled revealed entomopathogenic nematodes presence (representing three samples). Two entomopathogenic nematodes species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae were recovered, and identification of their symbiotic bacteria revealed the presence of a Xenorhabdus bovienii, Photorhabdus temperata subsp. thracensis, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. Laumondii.

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► First biogeographic survey of EPNs in natural areas in Lebanon with 15.8% positive sites.
► Recovery of two EPNs species: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae.
► Three symbiotic bacteria associated with H. bacteriophora and one associated with S. feltia.
► Coexistence of Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the same site.
► Micro-climate conditions can justify the presence of EPN in Lebanon.