Infant motor and cognitive abilities and subsequent executive function

- Children with higher scores for cognitive ability at 2 years perform better in working memory.
- Children with higher scores for gross motor ability at 2 years perform better in cognitive inhibitory control.
- Motor ability at 1 year and fine/gross motor ability at two years induced a significant indirect effect on cognitive IC via general cognitive ability at 2 years and working memory.
- Motor ability at 1-2 years exerted no significant indirect effect on emotional inhibitory control.
- All indirect effects of motor ability at 1-2 years on working memory via cognitive ability at 2 years and cognitive/emotional inhibitory control are insignificant.

IntroductionAlthough executive function (EF) is widely considered crucial to several aspects of life, the mechanisms underlying EF development remain largely unexplored, especially for infants. From a behavioral or neurodevelopmental perspective, motor and general cognitive abilities are linked with EF. EF development is a multistage process that starts with sensorimotor interactive behaviors, which become basic cognitive abilities and, in turn, mature EF.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine how infant motor and general cognitive abilities are linked with their EF at 3 years of age. This work also aims to explore the potential processes of EF development from early movement.MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted with 96 infants (55 girls and 41 boys). The infants' motor and general cognitive abilities were assessed at 1 and 2 years of age with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Second and Third Editions, respectively. Infants' EFs were assessed at 3 years of age with Working Memory Span task, Day-Night task, and Wrapped Gift task.ResultsChildren with higher scores for cognitive ability at 2 years of age performed better in working memory, and children with higher scores for gross motor ability at 2 years performed better in cognitive inhibitory control (IC). Motor ability at 1 year and fine/gross motor ability at 2 years indirectly affected cognitive IC via general cognitive ability at 2 years and working memory.ConclusionsEF development is a multistage process that originates from physical movement to simple cognitive function, and then to complex cognitive function. Infants and toddlers can undergo targeted motor training to promote EF development.