Frontoparietal theta oscillations during proactive control are associated with goal-updating and reduced behavioral variability

- Theta activity was present across a frontoparietal network during proactive control.
- Parietal theta emerged prior to frontal theta during cue period.
- This frontoparietal anticipatory theta was linked goal-updating.
- Enhanced power and phase were associated with lower behavioral variability.
- Preparatory oscillatory activity is predictive of cognitive control efficiency.

Low frequency oscillations in the theta range (4-8 Hz) are increasingly recognized as having a crucial role in flexible cognition. Such evidence is typically derived from studies in the context of reactive (stimulus-driven) control processes. However, little research has explored the role of theta oscillations in preparatory control processes. In the current study, we explored the extent of theta oscillations during proactive cognitive control and determined if these oscillations were associated with behavior. Results supported a general role of theta oscillations during proactive cognitive control, with increased power and phase coherence during the preparatory cue interval. Further, theta oscillations across frontoparietal electrodes were also modulated by proactive control demands, with increased theta phase synchrony and power for cues signaling the need for goal updating. Finally, we present novel evidence of negative associations between behavioral variability and both power and phase synchrony across many of these frontoparietal electrodes that were associated with the need for goal updating. In particular, greater consistency in frontoparietal theta oscillations, indicated by increased theta phase and power during mixed-task blocks, resulted in more consistent task-switching performance. Together, these findings provide new insight into the temporal dynamics and functional relevance of theta oscillations during proactive cognitive control.