Constraints on have-cliticisation and accessibility of Universal Grammar in native speakers and foreign language learners

- Universal Grammar can explain the constraints on have-cliticisation.
- Universal Grammar is accessible to foreign language learners.
- Have-cliticisation does not need to be taught.
- Knowledge of Universal Grammar might by disturbed by performance factors.

The cliticisation of have onto a preceding word has been argued to be constrained by principles of Universal Grammar. In particular, have-cliticisation appears to be blocked when an empty T constituent that follows from Universal Grammar intervenes between have and its host provided that the host c-commands have and that the host ends with a vowel or diphthong. The study investigated knowledge of these constraints in (31) adult native speakers of American English and (162) adult Jordanian learners of English as a foreign language. The results of a grammaticality judgment test showed that both the group of native speakers and the group of foreign language learners exhibited differentiating patterns of response to sentences with licit and illicit have-cliticisation suggesting that their production of have-cliticisation is constrained by Universal Grammar. However, both groups showed imperfect knowledge of the constraints on have-cliticisation especially on the part of foreign language learners. This imperfect knowledge is argued to be the result of a concealing effect of performance factors.