Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor concentrations correlate with prognosis of traumatic brain injury

- Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels are increased after head trauma.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels are associated with inflammation and trauma severity.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a determinant for long-term prognosis.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a determinant for in-hospital major adverse complications.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor has high prognostic predictive value.

BackgroundMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine. Serum MIF concentrations are associated with the severity and prognosis of ischemic stroke.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study, white blood cell (WBC) count and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and MIF among 108 severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and 108 controls were measured. We determined whether serum MIF concentrations are associated with inflammation, severity, in-hospital major adverse events (IMAEs) (i.e., in-hospital mortality, acute lung injury, acute traumatic coagulopathy, progressive hemorrhagic injury and posttraumatic cerebral infarction) and long-term clinical outcome (i.e., 6-month functional outcome) after TBI.ResultsAs compared to the controls, serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and MIF concentrations were significantly increased. MIF concentrations correlated with WBC count, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores. MIF in serum was independently associated with IMAEs and long-term clinical outcome. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve of MIF concentrations was similar to GCS scores'. Moreover, MIF concentrations markedly improved the predictive value of GCS scores for 6-month unfavorable outcome.ConclusionIncreased serum MIF concentrations have close relation to inflammation, trauma severity and clinical outcomes, substantializing MIF as a good prognostic biomarker after TBI.