Partial recovery from alloxan-induced diabetes by sodium phthalhydrazide in rats

In the commonly used experimental model of diabetes, a cytotoxic glucose analogue alloxan can selectively destruct pancreatic β-cells, with characteristics similar to the type-1 diabetes (T1D) in humans. Treatment of diabetic rats with sodium phthalhydrazide partially reversed diabetogenic pathology in the alloxan-induced diabetes. The alloxan-treated rats with permanent hyperglycemia, which further received i.p. twenty daily doses 2 mg/kg b.w. phthalhydrazide, showed at 60 days of the experiment a significant amelioration of the diabetes status. Hyperglycemia was decreased by 52%, glycated haemoglobin HbA1c returned to control value, insulin concentration significantly increased from 45,4% (alloxan group) to 59,5% (alloxan + phthalhydrazide) of the control values. Importantly, phthalhydrazide treatment of alloxan-treated diabetic rats markedly decreased the concentrationof interleukin-6 (IL-6) and corticosterone level. Morphometric analysis revealed a marked increase in the number of pancreatic islets/mm2, and a number of cells/mm2 in the pancreatic islets. These changes, including 3-fold increase in the number of insulin-producing cells and 2-fold decrease in blood glucose levels, correlated with the increased proliferative activity of pancreatic β-cells in the diabetic phthalhydrazide-treated animals. Interestingly, the number of CD68+ cells/macrophages in the pancreatic islets, which was relatively high in the alloxan group (63,9 + − 16.4/mm2), markedly decreased after the phthalhydrazide treatment (23,6 + −7,2/mm2). Taking together with the previous data on the phthalhydrazide-related macrophage silencing, restriction of macrophage quantity in the alloxan-affected pancreatic islets can be possibly one of important events leading to the partial recovery from the β-cell disruption.