Refractory acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis: A case report and review of literature

- A case report of an HIV patient with refractory acute respiratory failure secondary to Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis.
- Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma of treating CMV in such a clinical scenario.
- Role of corticosteroids in treatment of PJP and risk factors for CMV.
- Characteristic findings on CT scan and BAL cytology.

BackgroundOpportunistic infections with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) are common in patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and are encountered once the CD4 count decreases below 200 cells/mm3. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) tends to cause disease once the CD4 count drops below 50 cells/mm3. CMV pneumonitis is not common in this population. However, detecting its presence in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The role of antiviral therapy against CMV remains unclear.Case presentationWe report a newly diagnosed HIV patient with a CD4 count of 44 cells/mm3 presenting with acute respiratory failure secondary to PCP that failed to respond to 3 weeks of standard therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids. He was later diagnosed to have a CMV co-infection causing pneumonitis with BAL cytology findings showing CMV cytopathic effects and PCP. Plasma CMV DNA PCR was 17,424 copies/mL. He responded well after introduction of intravenous ganciclovir.ConclusionThe presence of histopathologic changes demonstrating viral cytopathic effects on BAL cytology along with a high plasma CMV DNA PCR should raise the specificity for diagnosing CMV pneumonitis. True PCP and CMV pneumonitis can occur, and the addition of antiviral therapy with ganciclovir may benefit such patients in the right clinical scenario.