Benzodiazepines and hypnotics

Benzodiazepines and so-called 'Z' drugs are used as hypnotics. Their mode of action is to enhance the activity of central γ-aminobutyric acid. Adverse effects include anterograde amnesia and paradoxical reactions. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms can develop, which can be minimized by intermittent dosing. Concurrent administration with central nervous system (CNS) depressants is not recommended as this produces additive CNS effects. Melatonin is also used as a hypnotic.