Vulnerability of healthy vertebrae in patients with and without previous vertebral fracture

Vertebral deformities are associated with a marked increase in morbidity, mortality, and burden in terms of sanitary expenditures. Patients with vertebral fractures have a negative impact in their health, less quality of life, and loss of functional capacity and independence.The purpose of this study was to explore the vulnerability of healthy vertebrae in patients who have sustained already a compression fracture and in patients who do not have prevalent fractures in the thoracic spine; and to explore the association of the deformity in healthy vertebrae with different variables, such as bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index, age, loss of height, presence of clinical kyphosis, history of other osteoporotic fractures, and falls occurring during the last year.Clinical data and complementary studies from 175 postmenopausal outpatients were analyzed. These women (age: 69.7 ± 11.1 years) had not received any treatment for osteoporosis. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the thoracic spine and bone densitometry of the hip were obtained; morphometry was performed in 1575 thoracic vertebrae from T4 to T12.The angle of wedging of each vertebral body was calculated using a trigonometric formula. Then, the sum of wedge angles of vertebral bodies (SWA) was determined, and Cobb angle was measured.In patients with vertebral fractures, after excluding the angles of fractured vertebral bodies, the mean wedge angle of the remaining vertebrae (MWAhealthy) was calculated. The same procedure was followed in patients without vertebral fractures. MWAhealthy was considered as an indicator of the structural vulnerability of non-fractured vertebrae.Patients with prevalent fractures had lower BMD, wider Cobb angle, and higher sum of wedge angles than patients without vertebral fractures. The proportion of patients with accentuation of clinical kyphosis was higher in the group with prevalent vertebral fractures. A highly significant difference was found in the MWAhealthy, which was higher in patients with prevalent fractures (4.1 ± 1.3° vs. 3.0 ± 1.1°; p < 0.001). Patients showing vertebral fractures had 7.1 ± 4.2 cm height loss in average, significantly superior than that found among non-fractured women (3.6 ± 3.2 cm; p < 0.01).In multivariate analysis, the increase of MWAhealthy was associated with advancing age (p < 0.02), lower femoral neck BMD (p < 0.005), presence of clinical kyphosis (p < 0.01) and vertebral fractures (p < 0.02).This study presents evidence that a series of factors independently influence the increase in wedging deformity of vertebral bodies that are not fractured yet. These factors could contribute to an increased vulnerability of the vertebrae, making them more susceptible to fracture.

Research Highlights► We measured mean wedge angle (WA) of non-fractured vertebrae in postmenopausal women. ► Patients with prevalent fractures had lower hip BMD, wider Cobb angle, and higher sum of WA. ► Many factors independently influence wedging deformity of vertebrae that are not fractured yet. ► Mean WA of non-fractured vertebrae was associated with age, low BMD, kyphosis and vertebral fractures. ► These factors could contribute to increased vertebral vulnerability.