Tumor Budding Correlates With the Protumor Immune Microenvironment and Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Recurrence of Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma

Tumor budding is an independent prognostic factor of stage I lung adenocarcinoma and correlates with the protumor immune microenvironment. Our findings advocate investigating tumor-immune cell interactions at the invading edge as a biologic driver of tumor aggressiveness.