ReviewOral squamous cell carcinoma: Key clinical questions, biomarker discovery, and the role of proteomics

- The variety of risk factors lead to carcinogenesis in OSCC.
- HPV is a potential risk factor and could be a prognostic indicator.
- Oral premalignant lesions transform into tumor via unknown mechanisms.
- Biomarker discovery is inevitable for early diagnosis and cure of the disease.
- Latest proteomics techniques hold the capability to excel the research on OSCC.

BackgroundThe molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are relatively poorly understood and remain a subject of significant importance. However, it is well established that OSCC is associated with a variety of risk factors and notably, the high incidence rates of OSCC found in developing countries are attributable to exposure to different forms of smokeless tobacco. Despite this, the way these factors contribute to the disease pathogenesis and, in particular, the transformation from oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) to primary tumor remains unknown. Recent developments in 'omics' technologies hold promise for deciphering these mechanisms through the discovery of key molecular and cellular regulatory pathways which are involved in disease progression.ObjectiveThe aim of this critical review is to outline, through the current etiological, epidemiological, and molecular understanding of OSCC highlighting the role of key signaling pathways in the disease, and discuss the opportunities offered by recent proteomics strategies to identify potential biomarkers and novel mechanisms for OSCC.Results and conclusionsThe recent consolidation of methods for LC-MS/MS based protein expression analysis mass spectrometry and targeted protein measurement should support the discovery of new drug targets and diagnostic methods. We suggest that such studies will be most effective if they are focused on addressing the key clinical issues in the progression and treatment of this prevalent disease.