Loss of Interleukin-10 or Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling in the Human Colon Initiates a T-Helper 1 Response Via Distinct Pathways

Innate immune cells (macrophages and epithelial cells) activate a Th1 cell response in explant cultures of human normal colonic mucosa depleted in IL-10 or TGF-β via distinct, nonredundant pathways. These pathways might contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.