Molecular analysis of soybean dwarf virus isolates in the eastern United States confirms the presence of both D and Y strains and provides evidence of mixed infections and recombination

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), first identified as an agricultural problem in Japan, has emerged as a growing problem in the Midwestern United States. The majority of research on SbDV had been limited to four lab maintained strains from Japan. SbDV had been found in clover in the eastern United States, but these isolates rarely emerged into soybeans. These isolates were analyzed by multiplex PCR and sequencing, revealing that some were infections of both Y and D components, including a recombinant subisolate. Phylogenetic analyses for the US isolates revealed a broad diversity of SbDV, with selection pressure greater on the movement protein than the coat protein. The field isolates from the Eastern United States showed differences in symptoms, aphid transmission and host range, demonstrating that a study of field isolates is an important complement to laboratory maintained strains in understanding the biology and evolution of plant viruses.