Plasmodium vivax: Collaborative roles for plasmepsin 4 and vivapains in hemoglobin hydrolysis

► Plasmepsin 4 of Plasmodium vivax (PvPM4) is an active hemoglobinase. ► PvPM4 acts collaboratively with vivapains to enhance hemoglobin hydrolysis. ► Vivapains mediate processing of PvPM4.