The geography of European low-cost airline networks: a contemporary analysis

► European LCAs still mainly serve Western large cities and tourist areas. ► Findings confirm there is no single, monolithic LCA model. ► European LCAs operate many niche routes but also compete with traditional airlines. ► In Europe, LCAs are the main suppliers of air services not serving their home country. ► Service volatility is low at the city level but significant at the route level.