Abstinence following toluene exposure increases anxiety-like behavior in mice

The intentional misuse of volatile solvents like toluene is a persistent public health concern. Limited clinical data suggest that chronic inhalant abusers may experience signs of withdrawal, including anxiety. Behavioral withdrawal from toluene has not been examined in a preclinical model. In the current study, young adult male Swiss Webster mice were exposed to either 5000-ppm toluene vapor or air (0 ppm) for 30 min or 24 h. Mice were tested in a battery of four behavioral tasks reflective of anxiety either immediately (0 h), 24 h, or 72 h after the toluene exposure. Mice exposed briefly (30 min) to toluene showed decreases in anxiety-like behaviors, whereas mice abstinent from toluene for 24 h after a prolonged (24-h) exposure, displayed increases in anxiety-like behaviors. These increases in anxiety-like behavior were not observed 72 h post toluene. However, a brief re-exposure to toluene (30 min at 5000 ppm) immediately before testing 24 h after the prolonged exposure ameliorated behavioral differences on the plus maze task. These results of 1) decreased anxiety-like behavior immediately following acute toluene, and 2) the contrasting increase in anxiety-like behavior during abstinence from a prolonged toluene exposure, and 3) the amelioration of increases in an anxiety-like behavior following toluene re-exposure, are consistent with an interpretation of withdrawal from the single 24-hr toluene exposure. These findings support clinical reports of increased anxiety during abstinence following periods of toluene use/abuse. The results also imply that experiencing anxiety during withdrawal from toluene may contribute to the persistent use of inhalants and may be relevant to clinical treatment of inhalant abuse/addiction.