Ethnic and racial socialization and self-esteem of Asian adoptees: The mediating role of multiple identities

Positive identity development during adolescence in general is a complex process and may pose additional challenges for adolescents adopted from a different culture. Using a web-based survey design with a sample of 100 internationally adopted Asian adolescent and young adults, the present study examined the mediating role of multiple identities (i.e., ethnic, adoptive and interpersonal ego identities) in explaining the relationship between ethnic and racial socializations, ethnic neighborhood, and self-esteem. The results showed that (a) adoptive identity mediated the influence of racial socialization on psychological well-being, and (b) ethnic affirmation mediated the influence of ethnic socialization on adoptees' well-being. This study illustrates the importance of providing supportive counseling services for adoptees who are exploring their adoptive identity.

► Racial socialization was significantly and positively associated with adoptees' self-esteem.
► Adoptive identity mediated the influence of racial socialization on adoptees' self-esteem.
► Ethnic affirmation mediated the influence of ethnic socialization on adoptees' self-esteem.