Virus infection reduces shoot proliferation of in vitro stock cultures and ability of cryopreserved shoot tips to regenerate into normal shoots in 'Gala' apple (Malus × domestica)

Plant cryopreservation has provide secure back-ups of germplasm collections of vegetatively propagated crops. Often, recovery levels vary among laboratories when the same cryogenic procedures are used for the same genotypes. The present study investigated the effects of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) on shoot proliferation of in vitro stock cultures and recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of 'Gala' apple. Results showed that virus infection reduced shoot proliferation of in vitro stock cultures and cell ability to regenerate normal shoots in cryopreserved shoot tips. Virus infection increased total soluble protein, total soluble sugar and free proline levels and altered endogenous levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR), but induced severe cell membrane damage and caused alternation in mitochondria shape of the in vitro stock shoots. The altered levels of IAA and ZR were most likely to be responsible for the reduced shoot proliferation of in vitro stock culture. Cell damage and alternations in mitochondria shape in ASGV-infected shoot tips were most likely responsible for the reduced cell ability to regenerate normal shoots following cryopreservation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on effects of virus infection on recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips. Results reported here emphasize that healthy in vitro stock cultures should be used for cryopreservation.