A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics approach for thermo-capillary flows

Afterward, we investigate different multi-phase flow problems to validate normal and tangential component of the surface tension. Finally, we apply the model to thermo-capillary rise of a droplet due to a temperature gradient. We present a convergence study and compare the results with their counterparts obtained from OpenFoam software as well as Finite Volume method (FVM) reference from literature. We demonstrate that the proposed model is very accurate for thermo-capillary flow. The simulation results of the current SPH approach will be available online for the community.