Action of multiple base excision repair enzymes on the 2′-deoxyribonolactone

Free radical attack on the sugar-phosphate backbone generates oxidized apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) residues in DNA. 2′-deoxyribonolactone (dL) is a C1′-oxidized AP site damage generated by UV and γ-irradiation, and certain anticancer drugs. If not repaired dL produces G → A transitions in Escherichia coli. In the base excision repair (BER) pathway, AP endonucleases are the major enzymes responsible for 5′-incision of the regular AP site (dR) and dL. DNA glycosylases with associated AP lyase activity can also efficiently cleave regular AP sites. Here, we report that dL is a substrate for AP endonucleases but not for DNA glycosylases/AP lyases. The kinetic parameters of the dL-incision were similar to those of the dR. DNA glycosylases such as E. coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase, and human alkylpurine-DNA N-glycosylase bind strongly to dL without cleaving it. We show that dL cross-links with the human proteins 8-oxoguanine-DNA (hOGG1) and thymine glycol-DNA glycosylases (hNth1), and dR cross-links with Nth and hNth1. These results suggest that dL and dR induced genotoxicity might be strengthened by BER pathway in vivo.