Galacto-oligosaccharides and colorectal cancer: Feeding our intestinal probiome

• β (1-4) GOS, lactulose and fructo-oligosaccharides have clear role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention.
• β (1-4) GOS modulate the intestinal microbiota and impact the host physiology and immune system.
• GOS increase intestinal lactate, short chain fatty acids, and stool frequency and weight.
• They decrease fecal concentration of lithocholic acid, fecal pH, and nitroreductase and β-glucuronidase activities.
• More research is needed to assess a potential role of β (1-4) GOS in CRC progression.

Prebiotics are ingredients selectively fermented by the intestinal microbiota that promote changes in its structure and/or metabolism, conferring health benefits to the host. Studies show that β (1-4) galacto-oligosaccharides [β (1-4) GOS], lactulose and fructo-oligosaccharides increase intestinal concentration of lactate and short chain fatty acids, and stool frequency and weight, and they decrease fecal concentration of secondary bile acids, fecal pH, and nitroreductase and β-glucuronidase activities suggesting a clear role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. This review summarizes research on prebiotics bioassimilation, specifically β (1-4) GOS, and their potential role in CRC. We also evaluate research that shows that the impact of prebiotics on host physiology can be direct or through modulation of the gut intestinal microbiome, specifically the probiome (autochtonous beneficial bacteria). We present studies on a potential role in CRC progression to finally describe the current state of β (1-4) GOS generation for industrial production.