Recent advances in Third Generation Biosensors based on Au and Pt Nanostructured Electrodes

• Fabrication strategies of Au and Pt nanoparticle-based electrodes.
• Fabrication strategies of Au and Pt nanoporous film-based electrodes.
• Direct electron transfer between enzyme and Au and/or Pt nanostructures.
• Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin, laccase, cytochrome c and peroxidase.

This review presents recent advances in Au and Pt nanostructured-based electrochemical biosensors belonging to the third generation. We will list different routes to modify electrodes with Au and Pt nanoparticles and nanoporous films in more detail. Also, the advantages of such nanostructured electrodes on the electron transfer properties of hemoglobin, laccase, cytochrome c and peroxidase will be summarized. Future perspectives in this emerging field will be discussed in the conclusion part.