Recent progress in in-vivo sampling and analysis

This article reviews recent developments in in-vivo sampling and sample preparation for analysis of biological systems. The trend towards microanalytical techniques is justified by the small amount of sample that is available from some biological systems and the need to minimize interference with the system that is being studied or analyzed.Different approaches to direct in-vivo sampling and sample preparation are described, including microsampling, ultrafiltration, microextraction, microdialysis, solid-phase microextraction, biosensors, ambient mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and microfluidic devices.

► Current progress in and analysis of live samples are reviewed.
► Analytical methods can be invasive for the sample or the environment, or simulated.
► Microsampling and nanosampling are best for minimal impact on the live sample.