Molecular mechanism of serotonin transporter inhibition elucidated by a new flexible docking protocol

The two main groups of antidepressant drugs, the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as several other compounds, act by inhibiting the serotonin transporter (SERT). However, the binding mode and molecular mechanism of inhibition in SERT are not fully understood. In this study, five classes of SERT inhibitors were docked into an outward-facing SERT homology model using a new 4D ensemble docking protocol. Unlike other docking protocols, where protein flexibility is not considered or is highly dependent on the ligand structure, flexibility was here obtained by side chain sampling of the amino acids of the binding pocket using biased probability Monte Carlo (BPMC) prior to docking. This resulted in the generation of multiple binding pocket conformations that the ligands were docked into.The docking results showed that the inhibitors were stacked between the aromatic amino acids of the extracellular gate (Y176, F335) presumably preventing its closure. The inhibitors interacted with amino acids in both the putative substrate binding site and more extracellular regions of the protein. A general structure–docking-based pharmacophore model was generated to explain binding of all studied classes of SERT inhibitors. Docking of a test set of actives and decoys furthermore showed that the outward-facing ensemble SERT homology model consistently and selectively scored the majority of active compounds above decoys, which indicates its usefulness in virtual screening.

Figure showing the orientation of Y176 and F335, the aromatic amino acids of extracellular gate (xstick representation), in the occluded (cyan) and outward-facing (orange) SERT homology models and in four binding pocket conformations (red, blue, grey and green) generated through BPMC side chain sampling. The binding pocket detected by ICM PocketFinder in the outward-facing model is shown in grey wire representation.Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► SERT inhibitors were docked into an outward-facing SERT homology model.
► New flexible docking protocol.
► Inhibitors prevented closure of the extracellular gate.
► Structure–docking-based pharmacophore model was generated.
► Docking of actives and decoys showed the usefulness in virtual screening.