Ore testing at the first permanent French settlement in America, 1541-1543. Searching for the origins of fire assay crucibles used at Charlesbourg-Royal (Québec, Canada)

Preliminary visual and chemical analyses of fire assay crucible remains found at the Charlesbourg-Royal site (Québec, Canada) indicate the likelihood that these were produced in the Rouen area of France rather than in the then more popular centers of Hesse and Bavaria in Germany.