Dynamic observation of vortices in Nb and Bi-2212 thin films using Lorentz microscopy

Lorentz microscopy was used to observe various kinds of vortex motion in Nb and Bi-2212 thin films with our 300-kV and 1-MV field-emission electron microscopes. The vortex motions observed were elastic, plastic, and even rectified, depending on the experimental conditions such as sample temperatures, sample defects, and the directions and magnitudes of the applied magnetic field.