Electrodialytic upgrading of three different municipal solid waste incineration residue types with focus on Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, V, Cl and SO4

Handling of air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a challenge due to its toxicity and high leaching of toxic elements and salts. Electrodialysis (ED) of the material has shown potential for reduction of leaching of toxic elements and salts to produce a material feasible for substitution of cement in mortar. In this work results of 23 pilot-scale experiments (5–8 kg APC residue each) in electrodialysis stack designed to investigate the leaching properties as a function of time and current density for APC residue from semi-dry and wet flue-gas cleaning systems, as well as MSWI fly ash without flue-gas cleaning products are reported. Significant leaching reduction of the critical elements Pb, Zn and Cl was obtained. The final leaching, however, depended mostly on the initial leaching, thus as leaching from fly ash and residue of wet flue-gas cleaning was lower before treatment compared to residues from semidry flue-gas cleaning, both Pb and Zn leaching could be reduced to lower levels in those materials, and they therefore appear more suitable for use in construction materials. The leaching reduction of Zn and to some degree Pb decreased with longer retention times and higher current densities. Cr and SO4 leaching increased during ED treatment, with lower increase at higher current. Washing or carbonation in combination with ED significantly reduced leaching of Pb and Zn from semidry residue. An indication of a similar effect to carbonation by simultaneous aeration with ED was observed and should be investigated further. While Mn and Mo leaching did not, Se, V and Sb leaching exceeded threshold values in semidry residue. The leaching of V seemed to increase while Se and Sb remained more or less constant during ED treatment.