A C-terminal mutant of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα-Cm) downregulates Csf1r, a potent accelerator in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia with C/EBPα-Cm

Two types of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) mutants are found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients: N-terminal frame-shift mutants (C/EBPα-Nm) generating p30 as a dominant form and C-terminal basic leucine zipper domain mutants (C/EBPα-Cm). We have previously shown that C/EBPα-K304_R323dup belonging to C/EBPα-Cm, but not C/EBPα-T60fsX159 belonging to C/EBPα-Nm, alone induced AML in mouse bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models. Here we show that various C/EBPα-Cm mutations have a similar, but not identical, potential in myeloid leukemogenesis. Notably, like C/EBPα-K304_R323dup, any type of C/EBPα-Cm tested (C/EBPα-S299_K304dup, K313dup, or N321D) by itself induced AML, albeit with different latencies after BMT; C/EBPα-N321D induced AML with the shortest latency. By analyzing the gene expression profiles of C/EBPα-N321D- and mock-transduced c-kit+Sca-1+Lin− cells, we identified Csf1r as a gene downregulated by C/EBPα-N321D. In addition, leukemic cells expressing C/EBPα-Cm exhibited low levels of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor in mice. On the other hand, transduction with C/EBPα-Nm did not influence Csf1r expression in c-kit+Sca-1+Lin− cells, implying a unique role for C/EBPα-Cm in downregulating Csf1r. Importantly, Csf1r overexpression collaborated with C/EBPα-N321D to induce fulminant AML with leukocytosis in mouse BMT models to a greater extent than did C/EBPα-N321D alone. Collectively, these results suggest that C/EBPα-Cm-mediated downregulation of Csf1r has a negative, rather than a positive, impact on the progression of AML involving C/EBPα-Cm, which might possibly be accelerated by additional genetic and/or epigenetic alterations inducing Csf1r upregulation.