The Rho guanine exchange factor RHGF-2 acts through the Rho-binding kinase LET-502 to mediate embryonic elongation in C. elegans

• RHGF-2/Rho guanine exchange factor regulates LET-502/Rho kinase for morphogenesis.
• RHGF-2 acts antagonistically with RGA-2/Rho GTPase activating protein.
• LET-502/Rho kinase has activity independent of RHGF-2 and RGA-2.
• Lateral epidermal expression RHGF-2 can mediate morphogenesis.
• Maternal RHGF-2 regulates the rate of cytokinesis in the newly-fertilized embryo.

Morphogenesis allows an organism to develop its final body shape. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a smooth muscle-like contraction of an actin/myosin network in the epidermis mediates the elongation of the worm embryo from a ball of cells into a long, thin worm. This process is controlled by two redundant pathways, one involving the small GTPase RHO-1 and its downstream effectors LET-502/Rho-binding kinase and MEL-11/myosin phosphatase, and another involving PAK-1/p21 activated kinase and FEM-2/PP2c phosphatase. Contraction occurs primarily in the lateral epidermal cells during elongation while the dorsal and ventral epidermal cells have a more passive role, and localized activity of a Rho GEF (guanine exchange factor) could contribute to this asymmetry. We found that loss of the C. elegans Rho GEF encoded by rhgf-2 results in arrest during early elongation. Genetically, rhgf-2 acts as an activator of let-502/Rho-binding kinase, in parallel to fem-2/PP2c phosphatase. Although expressed throughout the embryo, lateral cell-specific RHGF-2 expression can mediate elongation. The Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) RGA-2 is known to inhibit contraction in the dorsal and ventral epidermis. Although rhgf-2 and rga-2 are individually lethal, the double mutant is viable with elongation still occurring in a let-502 dependent fashion. This indicates that LET-502/Rho-binding kinase has activity independent of the GEF and GAP. Finally, maternal LET-502 and MEL-11 are known to regulate the rate of cleavage furrow ingression in the early embryo and we show that maternal RHGF-2 also influences cleavage but RGA-2 does not. Thus while the LET-502/MEL-11 pathway is employed multiple times during embryogenesis, regulation by GEFs and GAPs differs at different points of the life cycle and fine tunes contractile function.