A zinc oxide/polyurethane-based generator composite as a self-powered sensor for traffic flow monitoring

A zinc oxide (ZnO)/polyurethane (PU)-based generator composite was fabricated and its piezoelectric performances were examined in the present work. In addition, the influence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and copper powder incorporation on the piezoelectric performance of composites was also studied. The performance level of the composites with various ratios of the constituents was compared in terms of piezoelectric responses obtained from three different tests, i.e., foot stamping, vehicle loading, and cyclic wheel loading tests. The foot stamping and vehicle loading tests revealed that the generator composite solely embedded with ZnO nano materials exhibited the best performance among the others, while the influence of MWNT and copper powder addition on the performance was minor. The cyclic wheel loading test (durability test) demonstrated that the generator composite sustained 2000 cycles of 400 kg-weighed wheel loading and a prominent output voltage peak produced was as high as 40.45 V.