Piperaquine and Lumefantrine resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA associated with increased expression of Ca2+/H+ antiporter and glutathione associated enzymes

- Mechanisms of PQ and LM resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA.
- No polymorphisms in Pbcrt and Pbmdr1 genes.
- High expression of ggcs, gst, and vcx1 genes associated with PQ and LM resistance.
- Increased vp2 transcript associated with PQ resistance only.
- High GSH levels and elevated GST enzyme activity in PQ and LM resistance.