Deciphering the palaeoecology of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene dinoflagellate cysts

In an attempt to document the palaeoecological affinities of individual extant and extinct dinoflagellate cysts, Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene dinoflagellate cyst assemblages have been compared with geochemical data from the same samples. Mg/Ca ratios of Globigerina bulloides were measured to estimate the spring–summer sea-surface temperatures from four North Atlantic IODP/DSDP sites. Currently, our Pliocene–Pleistocene database contains 204 dinoflagellate cyst samples calibrated to geochemical data. This palaeo-database is compared with modern North Atlantic and global datasets. The focus lies in the quantitative relationship between Mg/Ca-based (i.e. spring–summer) sea-surface temperatures (SSTMg/Ca) and dinoflagellate cyst distributions. In general, extant species are shown to have comparable spring–summer SST ranges in the past (SSTMg/Ca) and today (SST from World Ocean Atlas 2005, Locarnini et al., 2006), demonstrating that our new approach is valid for inferring spring–summer SST ranges for extinct species. For example, Habibacysta tectata represents SSTMg/Ca values between 10 and 15 °C when it exceeds 30% of the assemblage, and Invertocysta lacrymosa exceeds 15% when SSTMg/Ca values are between 18.6 and 23.5 °C. However, comparing Pliocene and Pleistocene SSTMg/Ca values with present day summer values for the extant Impagidinium pallidum suggests a greater tolerance of higher temperatures in the past. This species occupies more than 5% of the assemblage at SSTMg/Ca values of 11.6–17.9 °C in the Pliocene and Pleistocene, whereas present day summer SSTs are around − 1.7 to 6.9 °C. This observation questions the value of Impagidinium pallidum as reliable indicator of cold waters in older deposits, and may explain its bipolar distribution.

► Dinocyst palaeoecology was investigated from four North Atlantic locations.
► Pliocene and Pleistocene dinocyst assemblages were calibrated to SSTMg/Ca of G. bulloides.
► Our data confirm and augment the spring–summer SST distribution of extant species.
► We provide spring–summer SST ranges of 16 extinct species.
► Impagidinium pallidum is tolerant of high SSTs and questioned as cold-water indicator.