Northern mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian period of Mars: Criteria for the recognition of debris-covered glacier and valley glacier landsystem deposits

Lobate debris aprons (LDA) and lineated valley fill (LVF) have been known to characterize the mid-latitude regions of Mars since documented by Viking; their flow-like character suggested that deposition of ice in talus pile pore space caused lubrication and flow during an earlier climatic regime. A number of factors have remained uncertain, however, including the detailed structure and texture of LDA/LVF, the relationships between them, their direction of flow, the origin and abundance of the lubricating agent, and their exact mode of origin (e.g., ice-assisted rock creep, ice-rich landslides, rock glaciers, debris-covered glaciers). We use new High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) image and topography data, in conjunction with a range of other post-Viking data sets, and new insights provided by cold-based terrestrial glacial analogs, to assess the characteristics of LDA/LVF in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. We find evidence that the characteristics and flow patterns of the LDA and LVF are most consistent with Late Amazonian debris-covered glacial valley landsystems. The broad distribution and integrated characteristics of the LDA/LVF systems suggest that earlier in the Amazonian, climatic conditions were such that significant snow and ice accumulated on mid-latitude plateaus and in valleys, producing integrated glacial landsystems, the remnants of which are preserved today beneath residual sublimation till derived from adjacent valley walls. Atmospheric general circulation models suggest that these climatic conditions occurred when Mars was at a spin-axis obliquity of ~ 35°, and the atmosphere was relatively dusty. Glacial flow modeling under these conditions produces patterns similar to those documented in the LDA/LVF, and SHARAD radar data suggests that significant amounts of ice remain sequestered below the sublimation lag today.