A diverse pollen assemblage found on Friisicarpus infructescences (Platanaceae) from the Cenomanian–Turonian of Kazakhstan

• We describe first evidence of different pollen types adhering to a platanoid infructescence.
• Nine pollen types have been distinguished and compared with known angiosperm pollen.
• Three types were shown to be produced by different platanoid taxa and one was probably ranunculid.
• The possible pollination mode of the plant is discussed in respect to the found diversity of pollen.

Pollen grains found on, or within, pistillate reproductive structures are described for numerous gymnosperms and angiosperms. Attribution of these pollen grains to the macrofossils is often risky and requires additional evidence. This study, based on the material from the Cenomanian–Turonian of Kazakhstan, is the first to document in detail different types of pollen adhering to platanoid infructescences of Friisicarpus sarbaensis. Infructescence parts were examined under SEM in search of pollen. Pollen grains were removed from SEM stubs and studied with LM and TEM. About 250 pollen grains adhering to infructescence axes and carpels were studied; they are small, reticulate (rarely foveolate), tricolpate or tricolporate, and columellate. At least nine pollen types have been distinguished based mainly on the details of the exine sculpturing. The exine ultrastructure was characterized for four prevailing types. Considering pollen morphology and ultrastructure, three types were shown to be produced by platanoids and one was probably ranunculid. Other pollen types are harder to refer to a certain group, though one of them probably belongs to Hamamelidaceae and another one shows exine sculpturing similar to Chloranthaceae pollen. One of the types prevails (about 170 pollen grains) and resembles pollen found on inflorescences of other Friisicarpus species, so we consider that this type was produced by the parent plant. Pollen grains of another type are identical to pollen of Sarbaya radiata from the same locality. The diversity and abundance of different pollen types of the similar size and sculpture found on the infructescences of Friisicarpus sarbaensis favour entomophily of this plant but challenge specific plant-insect specialization.